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class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/28ec23/" class="nav-link">NAND Flash</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/62bf40/" class="nav-link">ARM 处理器</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/1a9374/" class="nav-link">嵌入式基础知识-存储器</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/aac5e3/" class="nav-link">闪存存储和制造技术概述</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/8f6056/" class="nav-link">芯片IO驱动力</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/d146b8/" class="nav-link">主流先进封装技术介绍</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/16f0ba/" class="nav-link">NAND Flash基础</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/90d8d0/" class="nav-link">基于PA算法的FTL引导</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/eb672b/" class="nav-link">SD逻辑擦除和物理擦除</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/747121/" class="nav-link">NAND Flash的SDR、ONFI、DDR接口</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/1eb351/" class="nav-link">【详解】Nand Flash必看知识</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/d2512a/" class="nav-link">【两万字详解】Nand Flash必看知识</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="面经" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">面经</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/d69946/" class="nav-link">虎牙C++技术面经</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/29251d/" class="nav-link">金山一面复习</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/c7c01f/" class="nav-link">完美世界秋招 C++ 游戏开发面经(Cpp部分)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="其它" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">其它</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/fa256e/" class="nav-link">博客搭建</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/335531/" class="nav-link">网站收藏箱</a></li></ul></div></div> <!----></nav></div></header> <div class="sidebar-mask"></div> <div class="sidebar-hover-trigger"></div> <aside class="sidebar" style="display:none;"><!----> <nav class="nav-links"><div class="nav-item"><a href="/" class="nav-link">首页</a></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="CPP语言" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">CPP语言</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/c5bdd8/" class="nav-link">Cpp之旅</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/279e62/" class="nav-link">Cpp专栏</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/801755/" class="nav-link">Effective_CPP</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/6b2468/" class="nav-link">muduo网络库</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/5f8c9f/" class="nav-link">Unix环境高级编程</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/3f1d21/" aria-current="page" class="nav-link router-link-exact-active router-link-active">Cpp提高编程</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="计算机基础" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">计算机基础</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/7b1cb2/" class="nav-link">计算机网络</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/6048a8/" class="nav-link">操作系统</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/3b34ba/" class="nav-link">数据结构</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/412fe7/" class="nav-link">Linux</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/2dcfa1/" class="nav-link">算法</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="数据库" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">数据库</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/efa3f2/" class="nav-link">基础篇</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/ccc445/" class="nav-link">MySql</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/54616e/" class="nav-link">Redis</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="嵌入式软件开发" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">嵌入式软件开发</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/d142c2/" class="nav-link">电子嵌入式通信协议</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/4c6bf3/" class="nav-link">深入浅出SSD</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/d3f36a/" class="nav-link">文件系统</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/e0cca7/" class="nav-link">汇编语言</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/fab2d7/" class="nav-link">STM32</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="开发日常" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">开发日常</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/e472d1/" class="nav-link">随笔（持续更新）</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/71f6ae/" class="nav-link">Git知识总结</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/db6fb8/" class="nav-link">Git备忘清单</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/e1081f/" class="nav-link">Git 创建删除远程分支</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/777b8a/" class="nav-link">nvm使用小结</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/ee770e/" class="nav-link">虚拟机固定 IP 地址</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/1ab9a6/" class="nav-link">Shell 脚本学习笔记</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/411aa4/" class="nav-link">VScode 插件 CodeGeeX 使用教程</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/0d525d/" class="nav-link">KylinV10 将项目上传至 Github教程</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/907786/" class="nav-link">KylinV10 安装 MySQL 教程（可防踩雷）</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/a2d21e/" class="nav-link">kylinV10-SP1 安装 QT</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/b561cf/" class="nav-link">高并发内存池</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/6ab6d1/" class="nav-link">USBGUARD 项目编译环境配置</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/883f02/" class="nav-link">Power_Destory 项目</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/479472/" class="nav-link">U 盘清除工具编译教程</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/9c4241/" class="nav-link">个人博客代码推送教程</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/3ad765/" class="nav-link">SVN Trunk Branches的Merge操作</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/0c0ca8/" class="nav-link">如何高效阅读嵌入式项目代码</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="前端学习" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">前端学习</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/99897f/" class="nav-link">HTML与CSS</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/51542d/" class="nav-link">JS学习</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/803f9d/" class="nav-link">Vue3入门</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/ca4cfb/" class="nav-link">Vue3进阶</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/50e8d3/" class="nav-link">黑马Vue3</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="MFC" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">MFC</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/a4b108/" class="nav-link">MFC编程随记</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/41acbd/" class="nav-link">MFC实现ini配置文件的读取</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/951a7a/" class="nav-link">MFC实现点击列表头排序</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/a8598f/" class="nav-link">贴图法美化Button按钮</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/054516/" class="nav-link">MFC使用细节</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="闪存" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">闪存</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/b925b8/" class="nav-link">如何高效阅读嵌入式项目代码</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/28ec23/" class="nav-link">NAND Flash</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/62bf40/" class="nav-link">ARM 处理器</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/1a9374/" class="nav-link">嵌入式基础知识-存储器</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/aac5e3/" class="nav-link">闪存存储和制造技术概述</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/8f6056/" class="nav-link">芯片IO驱动力</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/d146b8/" class="nav-link">主流先进封装技术介绍</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/16f0ba/" class="nav-link">NAND Flash基础</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/90d8d0/" class="nav-link">基于PA算法的FTL引导</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/eb672b/" class="nav-link">SD逻辑擦除和物理擦除</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/747121/" class="nav-link">NAND Flash的SDR、ONFI、DDR接口</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/1eb351/" class="nav-link">【详解】Nand Flash必看知识</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/d2512a/" class="nav-link">【两万字详解】Nand Flash必看知识</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="面经" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">面经</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/d69946/" class="nav-link">虎牙C++技术面经</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/29251d/" class="nav-link">金山一面复习</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/c7c01f/" class="nav-link">完美世界秋招 C++ 游戏开发面经(Cpp部分)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="nav-item"><div class="dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" aria-label="其它" class="dropdown-title"><!----> <span class="title" style="display:;">其它</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></button> <ul class="nav-dropdown" style="display:none;"><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/fa256e/" class="nav-link">博客搭建</a></li><li class="dropdown-item"><!----> <a href="/pages/335531/" class="nav-link">网站收藏箱</a></li></ul></div></div> <!----></nav>  <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Cpp之旅</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Cpp专栏</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Effetcive_CPP</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>muduo网络库</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Unix环境高级编程</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>Cpp提高编程</span> <span class="arrow down"></span></p> <ul class="sidebar-links sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/pages/3f1d21/" aria-current="page" class="active sidebar-link">函数模板</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#一、函数模板" class="sidebar-link">一、函数模板</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-1-函数模板" class="sidebar-link">1.1 函数模板</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-2-函数模板语法" class="sidebar-link">1.2 函数模板语法</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-3-函数模板示例" class="sidebar-link">1.3 函数模板示例</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-4-总结" class="sidebar-link">1.4 总结：</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-5-函数模板注意事项" class="sidebar-link">1.5 函数模板注意事项</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-6-函数模板案例" class="sidebar-link">1.6 函数模板案例</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-7-普通函数与函数模板的区别" class="sidebar-link">1.7 普通函数与函数模板的区别</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-8-普通函数和函数模板的调用规则" class="sidebar-link">1.8 普通函数和函数模板的调用规则</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-9-模板的局限性" class="sidebar-link">1.9 模板的局限性</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level4"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-9-1-传入数组可能失效" class="sidebar-link">1.9.1 传入数组可能失效</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level4"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-9-2-传入自定义数据类型可能失效" class="sidebar-link">1.9.2 传入自定义数据类型可能失效</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level3"><a href="/pages/3f1d21/#_1-10-具体化的模板示例" class="sidebar-link">1.10 具体化的模板示例</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="/pages/db4e3c/" class="sidebar-link">类模板</a></li><li><a href="/pages/a7c324/" class="sidebar-link">初识STL</a></li><li><a href="/pages/4906d0/" class="sidebar-link">string 容器</a></li><li><a href="/pages/6454c9/" class="sidebar-link">vector 容器</a></li><li><a href="/pages/b3b75f/" class="sidebar-link">deque 容器</a></li><li><a href="/pages/ae0c61/" class="sidebar-link">stack 容器</a></li><li><a href="/pages/bce95e/" class="sidebar-link">queue 容器</a></li><li><a href="/pages/1263f8/" class="sidebar-link">list 容器</a></li><li><a href="/pages/dbe892/" class="sidebar-link">set 容器</a></li><li><a href="/pages/c6c0bf/" class="sidebar-link">map 容器</a></li><li><a href="/pages/6a4fc5/" class="sidebar-link">STL 函数对象</a></li></ul></section></li></ul> </aside> <div><main class="page"><div class="theme-vdoing-wrapper "><div class="articleInfo-wrap" data-v-06225672><div class="articleInfo" data-v-06225672><ul class="breadcrumbs" data-v-06225672><li data-v-06225672><a href="/" title="首页" class="iconfont icon-home router-link-active" data-v-06225672></a></li> <li data-v-06225672><span data-v-06225672>CPP语言</span></li><li data-v-06225672><span data-v-06225672>Cpp提高编程</span></li></ul> <div class="info" data-v-06225672><div title="作者" class="author iconfont icon-touxiang" data-v-06225672><a href="javascript:;" data-v-06225672>霜晨月</a></div> <div title="创建时间" class="date iconfont icon-riqi" data-v-06225672><a href="javascript:;" data-v-06225672>2023-12-15</a></div> <!----></div></div></div> <!----> <div class="content-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-margin"><div class="right-menu-title">目录</div> <div class="right-menu-content"></div></div></div> <h1><img src="">函数模板<!----></h1> <!----> <div class="theme-vdoing-content content__default"><h2 id="一、函数模板"><a href="#一、函数模板" class="header-anchor">#</a> 一、函数模板</h2> <h3 id="_1-1-函数模板"><a href="#_1-1-函数模板" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.1 函数模板</h3> <blockquote><p>C++ 提供两种模板机制：函数模板和类模板</p></blockquote> <h3 id="_1-2-函数模板语法"><a href="#_1-2-函数模板语法" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.2 函数模板语法</h3> <p>建立一个通用函数，其函数返回值类型和形参类型可以不具体制定，用一个虚拟的类型来代表。</p> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">typename</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 函数声明或定义</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><ul><li>template：声明创建模板</li> <li>typename：表名其后面的符号是一种数据类型，可用 class 代替</li> <li>T：通用的数据类型，名称可以替换，通常为大写字母</li></ul> <h3 id="_1-3-函数模板示例"><a href="#_1-3-函数模板示例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.3 函数模板示例</h3> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token comment">// 交换整形函数</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">swapInt</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> temp <span class="token operator">=</span> a<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    a <span class="token operator">=</span> b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    b <span class="token operator">=</span> temp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment">// 交换浮点型函数</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">swapDouble</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">double</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token keyword">double</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">double</span> temp <span class="token operator">=</span> b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    a <span class="token operator">=</span> b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    b <span class="token operator">=</span> temp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment">// 利用模板提供通用的交换函数</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">typename</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">mySwap</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>T <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    T temp <span class="token operator">=</span> a<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    a <span class="token operator">=</span> b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    b <span class="token operator">=</span> temp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 利用模板实现交换</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 1、自动类型推导</span>
    <span class="token function">mySwap</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    
    <span class="token comment">// 2、显示指定类型</span>
    <span class="token generic-function"><span class="token function">mySwap</span><span class="token generic class-name"><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span></span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;a = &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> a <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;b = &quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> b <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">system</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;pause&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_1-4-总结"><a href="#_1-4-总结" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.4 总结：</h3> <ul><li>模板函数利用关键字 template</li> <li>使用模板函数有两种方式：自动类型推导、显示指定类型</li> <li>模板的目的是为了提高复用性、将类型参数化</li></ul> <h3 id="_1-5-函数模板注意事项"><a href="#_1-5-函数模板注意事项" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.5 函数模板注意事项</h3> <ul><li><strong>自动类型推导，必须推导出一致的数据类型T，才可以使用</strong></li> <li><strong>模板必须要确定出T的数据类型，才可以使用</strong></li></ul> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token comment">// 利用模板提供通用的交换函数</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">mySwap</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T<span class="token operator">&amp;</span> a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>T<span class="token operator">&amp;</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    T temp <span class="token operator">=</span> a<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    a <span class="token operator">=</span> b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    b <span class="token operator">=</span> temp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment">// 1、自动类型推导，必须推导出一致的数据类型 T,才可以使用</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">char</span> c <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token char">'c'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">mySwap</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>	<span class="token comment">// 正确：可以推导出一致的T</span>
    <span class="token function">mySwap</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>c<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>	<span class="token comment">// 错误：推导不出一致的T类型</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment">// 2、模板必须要确定出 T 的数据类型，才可以使用</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">func</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;func 调用&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test02</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token comment">//func();		// 错误：模板不能独立使用，必须确定出 T 的类型</span>
    <span class="token generic-function"><span class="token function">func</span><span class="token generic class-name"><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span></span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>	<span class="token comment">// 利用显示指定类型的方式，给 T 一个类型，才可以使用该模板</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">test02</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">system</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;pause&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_1-6-函数模板案例"><a href="#_1-6-函数模板案例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.6 函数模板案例</h3> <blockquote><p><strong>案例描述：</strong></p> <p>利用函数模板封装一个排序的函数，可以<strong>对不同数据类型数组进行排序</strong></p> <p>排序规则从大到小，排序算法为选择排序</p> <p>分别利用 char 数组和 int 数组进行测试</p></blockquote> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token macro property"><span class="token directive-hash">#</span><span class="token directive keyword">include</span> <span class="token string">&lt;iostream&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token keyword">using</span> <span class="token keyword">namespace</span> std<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">// 交换模板函数</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">typename</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">mySwap</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T<span class="token operator">&amp;</span> a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> T<span class="token operator">&amp;</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    T temp <span class="token operator">=</span> a<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    a <span class="token operator">=</span> b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    b <span class="token operator">=</span> temp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 利用选择排序的模板函数，对数组进行从大到小的排序</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">typename</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">selectionSort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T arr<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> len<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> minIndex<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> len<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token operator">++</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        minIndex <span class="token operator">=</span> i<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> j <span class="token operator">=</span> i <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> j <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> len<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token operator">++</span>j<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
            <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>arr<span class="token punctuation">[</span>minIndex<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> arr<span class="token punctuation">[</span>j<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
                minIndex <span class="token operator">=</span> j<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
            <span class="token function">mySwap</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>arr<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> arr<span class="token punctuation">[</span>minIndex<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">typename</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T arr<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> len<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> len<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token operator">++</span>i<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> arr<span class="token punctuation">[</span>i<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>


<span class="token comment">// 测试int类型数组</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> intArr<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">8</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">9</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> num <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">sizeof</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>intArr<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token keyword">sizeof</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;对数组进行选择排序  前：&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>intArr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> num<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">selectionSort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>intArr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> num<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;对数组进行选择排序  后：&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>intArr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> num<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;-------------------------------&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 测试char类型数组</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test02</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">char</span> charArr<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;abcdefghi&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> num <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">sizeof</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>charArr<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token keyword">sizeof</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">char</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;对数组进行选择排序  前：&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>charArr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> num<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">selectionSort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>charArr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> num<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;对数组进行选择排序  后：&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>charArr<span class="token punctuation">,</span> num<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">test02</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">system</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;pause&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br><span class="line-number">41</span><br><span class="line-number">42</span><br><span class="line-number">43</span><br><span class="line-number">44</span><br><span class="line-number">45</span><br><span class="line-number">46</span><br><span class="line-number">47</span><br><span class="line-number">48</span><br><span class="line-number">49</span><br><span class="line-number">50</span><br><span class="line-number">51</span><br><span class="line-number">52</span><br><span class="line-number">53</span><br><span class="line-number">54</span><br><span class="line-number">55</span><br><span class="line-number">56</span><br><span class="line-number">57</span><br><span class="line-number">58</span><br><span class="line-number">59</span><br><span class="line-number">60</span><br><span class="line-number">61</span><br><span class="line-number">62</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_1-7-普通函数与函数模板的区别"><a href="#_1-7-普通函数与函数模板的区别" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.7 普通函数与函数模板的区别</h3> <ul><li>普通函数调用时可以发生自动类型转换（隐式类型转换）</li> <li>函数模板调用时，如果利用自动类型推导，不会发生隐式类型转换</li> <li>如果利用显示指定类型的方式，可以发生隐式类型转换</li></ul> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token comment">// 普通函数</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">myAdd01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> a<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> a<span class="token operator">+</span>b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 函数模板</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">typename</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
T <span class="token function">myAdd02</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>T b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> a<span class="token operator">+</span>b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">char</span> c <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token char">'c'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token function">myAdd01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>c<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>	<span class="token comment">// 正确：将char类型的'c'隐式转换为int类型 'c'对应 ASCII码 99</span>
    <span class="token comment">// myAdd02(a,c);				// 错误：使用自动类型推导时，不会发生隐式类型转换</span>
    <span class="token generic-function"><span class="token function">myAdd02</span><span class="token generic class-name"><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span></span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>c<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>				<span class="token comment">// 正确：如果用显示指定类型，可以发生隐式类型转换</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">system</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;pause&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br></div></div><p><strong>总结：建议使用显示指定类型的方式，调用函数模板，因为可以自己确定通用类型T</strong></p> <h3 id="_1-8-普通函数和函数模板的调用规则"><a href="#_1-8-普通函数和函数模板的调用规则" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.8 普通函数和函数模板的调用规则</h3> <ul><li>如果函数模板和普通函数都可以实现，<strong>优先调用普通函数</strong></li> <li>可以通过空模板参数列表来强制调用函数模板</li> <li>函数模板也可以发生重载</li> <li>如果函数模板可以产生更好的匹配，<strong>优先调用函数模板</strong></li></ul> <blockquote><p>总结：既然提供了函数模板，最好就不要提供普通函数，否则容易出现二义性</p></blockquote> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token comment">// 普通函数与函数模板调用规则</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> a<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;调用的普通函数&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> T b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;调用的函数模板&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> T b<span class="token punctuation">,</span> T c<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;调用的重载函数模板&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 1、如果函数模板和普通函数都可以实现，优先调用普通函数</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 注意：如果告诉编译器 普通函数是有的，但只是声明没有实现，或者不在当前文件内实现，就会报错找不到.</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>			<span class="token comment">// 调用普通函数</span>
    
    <span class="token comment">// 2、可以通过空模板参数列表来强制调用函数模板</span>
    <span class="token generic-function"><span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token generic class-name"><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span></span></span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>		<span class="token comment">// 调用函数模板</span>
    
    <span class="token comment">// 3、函数模板也可以发生重载</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> c <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>b<span class="token punctuation">,</span>c<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>		<span class="token comment">//调用重载的函数模板</span>
    
    <span class="token comment">// 4、 如果函数模板可以产生更好的匹配,优先调用函数模板</span>
    <span class="token keyword">char</span> c1 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token char">'a'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">char</span> c2 <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token char">'b'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">Print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c1<span class="token punctuation">,</span>c2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>		<span class="token comment">// 调用函数模板</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">system</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;pause&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br></div></div><h3 id="_1-9-模板的局限性"><a href="#_1-9-模板的局限性" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.9 模板的局限性</h3> <h4 id="_1-9-1-传入数组可能失效"><a href="#_1-9-1-传入数组可能失效" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.9.1 传入数组可能失效</h4> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">f</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> T b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    a <span class="token operator">=</span> b<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><p>在上述代码中提供的赋值操作，如果传入的 a 和 b 是一个数组，就无法实现了</p> <h4 id="_1-9-2-传入自定义数据类型可能失效"><a href="#_1-9-2-传入自定义数据类型可能失效" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.9.2 传入自定义数据类型可能失效</h4> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">f</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T a<span class="token punctuation">,</span> T b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><p>在上述代码中，如果T的数据类型传入的是像 Person 这样的自定义数据类型，也无法正常运行</p> <blockquote><p>因此，为了解决这种问题，提供模板的重载，可以为这些特定的类型提供具体化的模板</p></blockquote> <h3 id="_1-10-具体化的模板示例"><a href="#_1-10-具体化的模板示例" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.10 具体化的模板示例</h3> <div class="language-CPP line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-cpp"><code><span class="token macro property"><span class="token directive-hash">#</span><span class="token directive keyword">include</span> <span class="token string">&lt;iostream&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token macro property"><span class="token directive-hash">#</span><span class="token directive keyword">include</span> <span class="token string">&lt;string&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token keyword">using</span> <span class="token keyword">namespace</span> std<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">public</span><span class="token operator">:</span>
    <span class="token function">Person</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string name<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> age<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span>m_Name <span class="token operator">=</span> name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token operator">-&gt;</span>m_Age <span class="token operator">=</span> age<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
  <span class="token keyword">private</span><span class="token operator">:</span>
    string m_Name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> m_Age<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token comment">// 普通函数模板</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">T</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span>
<span class="token keyword">bool</span> <span class="token function">myCompare</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>T <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>T <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a <span class="token operator">==</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token comment">// 具体化：显示 具体化的原型和定义是以template&lt;&gt;开头，并通过名称来指出类型</span>
<span class="token comment">// 具体化优先于常规模板</span>
<span class="token keyword">template</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token keyword">bool</span> <span class="token function">myCompare</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Person <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>p1<span class="token punctuation">,</span>Person <span class="token operator">&amp;</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>m_Name <span class="token operator">==</span> p2<span class="token punctuation">.</span>m_Name <span class="token operator">&amp;&amp;</span> p1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>m_Age <span class="token operator">==</span> p2<span class="token punctuation">.</span>m_Age<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 内置数据类型可以直接使用通用的函数模板</span>
    <span class="token keyword">bool</span> ret <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">myCompare</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a <span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ret<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;a == b&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;a != b&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">test02</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    Person <span class="token function">p1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Tom&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    Person <span class="token function">p2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;Tom&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 自定义数据类型，不会调用普通的函数模板</span>
    <span class="token comment">// 可以创建具体化的Person数据类型的模板，用于特殊处理这个类型</span>
    <span class="token keyword">bool</span> ret <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">myCompare</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>p1<span class="token punctuation">,</span>p2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ret<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;p1 == p2&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">&quot;p1 != p2&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token function">test01</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">test02</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">system</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">&quot;pause&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br><span class="line-number">22</span><br><span class="line-number">23</span><br><span class="line-number">24</span><br><span class="line-number">25</span><br><span class="line-number">26</span><br><span class="line-number">27</span><br><span class="line-number">28</span><br><span class="line-number">29</span><br><span class="line-number">30</span><br><span class="line-number">31</span><br><span class="line-number">32</span><br><span class="line-number">33</span><br><span class="line-number">34</span><br><span class="line-number">35</span><br><span class="line-number">36</span><br><span class="line-number">37</span><br><span class="line-number">38</span><br><span class="line-number">39</span><br><span class="line-number">40</span><br><span class="line-number">41</span><br><span class="line-number">42</span><br><span class="line-number">43</span><br><span class="line-number">44</span><br><span class="line-number">45</span><br><span class="line-number">46</span><br><span class="line-number">47</span><br><span class="line-number">48</span><br><span class="line-number">49</span><br><span class="line-number">50</span><br><span class="line-number">51</span><br><span class="line-number">52</span><br><span class="line-number">53</span><br><span class="line-number">54</span><br><span class="line-number">55</span><br><span class="line-number">56</span><br><span class="line-number">57</span><br><span class="line-number">58</span><br><span class="line-number">59</span><br><span class="line-number">60</span><br><span class="line-number">61</span><br><span class="line-number">62</span><br><span class="line-number">63</span><br><span class="line-number">64</span><br></div></div><p><strong>总结：</strong></p> <ul><li>利用具体化的模板，可以解决自定义类型的通用化</li> <li>学习模板并不是为了写模板，而是在 STL 能够运用系统提供的模板</li></ul></div></div> <!----> <div class="page-edit"><!----> <!----> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">2024/6/3 14:54:44</span></div></div> <div class="page-nav-wapper"><div class="page-nav-centre-wrap"><a href="/pages/5f8c9f/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-prev"><div class="tooltip">第11章 线程同步</div></a> <a href="/pages/db4e3c/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-next"><div class="tooltip">类模板</div></a></div> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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